Raffaello Cortina Editore

This paper aims to highlight the journey made by psychoanalysts starting from Freud and his original topographical formulation of the unconscious up to the most recent developments which, by placing more and more emphasis on the bipersonal and group dimension of the birth of the mind, have further elaborated the Unconscious System, assigning it increasingly complex transformative roles and functions. In particular, the article identifies some «evolutionary lines» that have marked, over time, the development of models of mental functioning, and therefore also of the unconscious part of it. Lastly, it addresses the theoretical and technical implications of the pathway that starts from the idea of anunconscious functioning primarily aimed at removing impulses, affects and desires that are incompatible with consciousness, and arrives in our own time at the conception of an unconscious that is more physiologically symbolopoietic, imaginable as a psychic organ capable of performing an osmotic-representative function in relation to internal and external reality.KEY WORDS: Mental functioning, metapsychology, missing piece, structure, unconscious.

Psychoanalysis, as a way of listening to the other and to his or her otherness, questions the Sphinx not only with regard to the analysis of the generational conflict, but also with regard to dimensions of the psychism that are located elsewhere than in the already systematised competences. The extension of the concept of unconscious requires an «other» dimension of listening, a «polyphonic polymorphic heteromorphic listening», in which associative modalities unfold, revealing the communicative potential of the patient only after the response of the object, open to catching communications expressed in preverbal form. Another place in which to meet the Sphinx, the enigmas of psychic life, and question them, concerns the presence in the psychic not only of the traces of relations with more than one: the plural. It is also a question of listening to and making room for the emerging unconscious aspects of the need to belong to groups, in particular the unconscious narcissistic alliances that preserve the survival of the subject and the group together.KEY WORDS: Listening, narcissistic alliances, other, polyphonic, presence of the object, preverbal, unconscious.

The current extension of the concept of the Unconscious to different levels, configurations and functioning of the mind is the result of decades of collective reflection on the clinic as well as on theory. Analysts today have a broader, more refined and complex knowledge of defensive and transformative processes, and this has also led to an evolution in technique. The paper presents a combination of psychoanalytic theory and technique through two clinical cases that present complex articulations of spurious unconscious functional areas and modalities, alternately repressed and not repressed.KEY WORDS: Central self, experiential self, integration, removal, sharing, splitting.

Taking suggestions from microbiology and the anthropology of the person, the author proposes replacing «individual» with «codividual». Together with the concepts of being, substance and identity, individual is the expression of a typically ontological thought. On the contrary, the codividual stems from the conviction that individuals are lumps of similarities and differences that constantly change over time: codividual is not part of being, but of becoming. Codividuals, moreover, are areas of complexity that require to be de-complexified to some extent in order to gain a sufficient degree of orientation. The paper concludes with a reference to the monasticism of the first centuries of the Christian era: an anthropo-poietic experiment in which codividuals are forced into a strong de-complexification. By stripping them of their social ties, the attempt is to transform them into individuals, as similar as possible to the divinity.KEYWORDS: Anthropo-poiesis, codividual, complexity, decomplexification, individual, monasticism.

Starting from some theoretical contributions on Identity as a themein psychoanalysis, an attempt is made to underline the relationship existing between the Self as unique and continuous, and the Self as multiple and discontinuous. The multiplicity and discontinuity of the Self is considered in the light of recent contributions from Infant Research and neuroscience, which validate the hypothesis that development takes place within an intersubjective context through the mutual recognition of the two subjectivities in relation to each other. Moreover, it is stressed that from a relational/intersubjective perspective the Self is considered as the expression of a dialectical and creative tension between the Self asunique and continuous and the multiple and discontinuous Self. This tension finds its synthesis in the concept of the Third, a position in which we recognise the Other as similar. Furthermore, the ways out of the ruptures of Thirdness are considered, namely both dissociation and enactment.KEY WORDS: Dissociation, enactment, identity, intersubjectivity, mutual recognition, Self-Other

In the psychoanalytic view identity is a complex event, neither substance nor concept, but a subjective feeling: the sense of self. Freud speaks of identity as to an obscure identity of being. The author proposes the model of two identities: the primary sense of self and the social feeling of identity. The primary identity arises from the primitive self-experience, which the subject experiences in his own body. It is the basis on which psychic life rests in the work of forming symbolic identity. The vicissitudes of identity, in the course of historical development, encounter blocks and failures. In situations of failure, the feeling of identity remains locked in a narcissistic enclave. This enclosure generates identity disorders and the rejection of otherness.KEYWORDS: Bodily self-experience, identity hatred, mirroring, primary sense of self, social recognition.

La psicoanalisi è stata la prima tra le discipline scientifiche a interrogarsi sul piacere. Trent’anni dopo, la neurobiologia ha dimostrato l’autonomia neurale del piacere, cioè l’attività di un circuito del piacere, e si è interrogata sui compiti evolutivi del piacere. Mentre la sessualità dei mammiferi privilegia la promiscuità, che è il più potente mezzo di riproduzione della specie, nell’uomo la sessualità rinforza il legame: il piacere si pone al servizio dell’individuo prima che della specie. Una significativa svolta evolutiva dimostrata dal nostro singolare sistema di accoppiamento/allevamento. Ho confrontato queste ricerche con le conclusioni cui perviene Freud dopo il 1924, e ho avanzato alcune ipotesi riguardo al rapporto tra istinto e pulsione, rimozione primaria e secondaria, e rinnegamento funzionale. Parole chiave:  Accoppiamento/allevamento, attaccamento/relazione oggettuale, circuito del piacere, corpo erogeno, istinto/pulsione, rimozione primaria/rimozione secondaria. Linking: biology of pleasure and the erogenous body. Psychoanalysis was the first scientific discipline to question pleasure. Thirty years later, neurobiology demonstrated the neural autonomy of pleasure, i.e. the activity of a pleasure circuit, and questioned the evolutionary tasks of pleasure. While mammalian sexuality favours promiscuity, which is the most powerful means of reproduction of the species, in humans sexuality reinforces the bond: pleasure is at the service of the individual before the species. I compared this research with the conclusions reached by Freud after 1924, and put forward some hypotheses concerning the relationship between instinct and drive, primary and secondary removal, and functional denial. Key words: Attachment/object relation, coupling/rearing, erogenous body, instinct/pulsion, pleasure circuit, primary removal/secondary removal. Linking: biologie du plaisir et corps érogène. La psychanalyse a été la première des disciplines scientifiques à questionner le plaisir. Trente ans plus tard, la neurobiologie a démontré l’autonomie neurale du plaisir, c’est-à-dire l’activité d’un circuit de plaisir, et a interrogé les tâches évolutives du plaisir. Alors que la sexualité des mammifères favorise la promiscuité, qui est le moyen de reproduction le plus puissant de l’espèce, chez l’homme la sexualité renforce le lien : le plaisir est mis au service de l’individu plutôt que de l’espèce. Une percée évolutive significative démontrée par notre système d’accouplement/reproduction unique. J’ai comparé cette recherche avec les conclusions de Freud successives au 1924, et j’ai avancé quelques hypothèses sur la relation entre l’instinct et la pulsion, le refoulement primaire et secondaire et le déni fonctionnel. Mots Clés: Accouplement / reproduction, attachement / relation d’objet, circuit de plaisir, corps érogène, instinct / pulsion, refoulement primaire / refoulement secondaire. Linking: biología del placer y cuerpo erógeno. El psicoanálisis fue la primera de las disciplinas científicas que se ha interrogado sobre el placer. Treinta años después, la neurobiología ha demostrado la autonomía neuronal del placer, es decir, la actividad de un circuito de placer, y se ha interrogado sobre el rol evolutivo del placer. Mientras que la sexualidad de los mamíferos favorece la promiscuidad, que es el medio de reproducción más poderoso de la especie, la sexualidad del ser humano fortalece el vínculo: el placer se pone al servicio del individuo más que de la especie. Un importante avance evolutivo demostrado por nuestro exclusivo sistema de apareamiento/crianza. He comparado esta investigación con las conclusiones posteriores al 1924 de Freud y he propuesto algunas hipótesis sobre la relación entre instinto y pulsión, represión primaria y secundaria y funcional. Palabras Clave: Apareamiento / crianza, apego / relación de objeto, circuito de placer, cuerpo erógeno, instinto / pulsión, represión primaria / represión secundaria. Linking: Biologie der Lust und erogener Körper. Die Psychoanalyse war die erste wissenschaftliche Disziplin, die nach der Lust gefragt hat. Dreißig Jahre später hat die Neurobiologie die neurale Autonomie der Lust, das heißt die Aktivität eines Kreislaufes der Lust,nachgewiesen und Fragen nach den evolutionären Aufgaben der Lust gestellt. Während die Sexualität der Säugetiere die Promiskuität privilegiert, die das machtvollste Mittel der Reproduktion der Spezies ist, verstärkt beim Menschen die Sexualität die Bindung: Die Lust stellt sich vorranging in den Dienst des Individuums, nicht in den der Spezies. Eine bedeutende evolutionäre Wendung, die unser einzigartiges System der Paarbildung/Aufzucht zeigt. Ich habe diese Untersuchungen mit den Schlüssen verglichen, zu denen Freud nach 1924 gelangt ist, und einige Hypothesen hinsichtlich der Beziehung zwischen Instinkt und Trieb, primärer und sekundärer Verdrängung und funktionaler Verleugnung aufgestellt. Schlüsselwörter: Paarbildung/Aufzucht, Bindung/Objektbeziehung, Kreislauf der Lust, erogener Körper, Instinkt/Trieb, primäre Verdrängung/sekundäre Verdrängung.

Il lavoro propone una distinzione fra processi in après-coup che utilizzano il dispiegamento rappresentativo, permettendo l’espansione e la trasformazione del senso, e altri che difettano di questa possibilità, «ruotando» intorno all’asse della ripetizione non trasformativa. In tali casi il difasismo scenico, la costruzione di una nuova scena atta a rappresentare/simbolizzare il primo colpo, fallisce nel suo compito e si dispiega allora un trattamento – nel reale – del trauma primario. Il caso clinico di un paziente grave e della sua invenzione delirante permette di approfondire l’estrema difficoltà di istituire, nell’analisi, un’altra scena e di aprire uno spazio associativo, che in quanto tale trasporterebbe con sé il ricordo e il confronto con il trauma. L’oscillazione metaforo-metonimica, propria ai processi psichici, si piega in tali casi dal solo lato della concretezza, della fobia del pensiero, della permanenza nell’inamovibile. Parole chiave: Après-coup, delirio, difasismo scenico, metafora, metonimia. Necessity and fiction of après-coup. The paper proposes a distinction between après-coup processes which make use of representational deployment, allowing for the expansion and transformation of meaning, and others that lack this possibility,«revolving» around the axis of non-transformative repetition. In such cases the scenic difasism, the construction of a new scene capable of representing/symbolising the first blow, fails in its task and a treatment – in real life – of the primary trauma then unfolds. The clinical case of a serious patient and his delirious invention allows to deepen the extreme difficulty to establish, in the analysis, another scene and to open an associative space, which as such would carry with it the memory and the confrontation with the trauma. The metaphoric-metonymic oscillation, proper to the psychic processes, bends in such cases only on the side of the concreteness, of the phobia of the thought, of the permanence in the immovable. Key words: Après-coup, delirium, metaphor, metonymy, scenic difasism. Nécessité et fiction de l’après-coup. L’ouvrage propose une distinction entre les processus en après-coup qui utilisent le déploiement représentatif, permettant l’expansion et la transformation du sens, et d’autres qui n’ont pas cette possibilité, «tournant» autour de l’axe de la répétition non transformatrice. Dans de tels cas le diphasisme scénique, la construction d’une nouvelle scène capable de représenter/symboliser le premier coup, échoue dans sa tâche et alors se déroule un traitement – en réalité – du trauma primaire. Le cas clinique d’un patient grave et son invention délirante permet d’approfondir l’extrême difficulté d’établir, dans l’analyse, une autre scène et d’ouvrir un espace associatif qui,en tant que tel, porterait en lui la mémoire et la confrontation au trauma. L’oscillation métaphoro-métonymique, typique des processus psychiques, ne penche alors que du côté du concret, de la phobie de la pensée, de la permanence dans l’immobile. Mots-Clés: Après-coup, délire, diphasisme scénique, métaphore, métonymie. Necesidad y ficción del après-coup. El trabajo propone una distinción entre procesos en el après-coup que utilizan el desplegarse representativo, permitiendo la expansión y transformación del sentido y otros que carecen de esta posibilidad, «girando» en torno al eje de la repetición no transformadora. En tales casos el difasismo escénico, la construcción de una nueva escena capaz de representar/simbolizar el primer golpe, fracasa en su cometido y entonces se despliega un tratamiento -en el real- del trauma primario. El caso clínico de un paciente grave y su invención delirante nos permite profundizar la extrema dificultad de establecer, en análisis, otra escena y abrir un espacio asociativo, que como tal llevaría consigo recordar y afrontar el trauma. La oscilación metáfora-metonímica, propia de los procesos psíquicos, se inclina en tales casos sólo del lado concreto, de la fobia del pensamiento, de la permanencia en lo inamovible. Palabras Clave: Après-coup, delirio, difasismo escénico, metáfora, metonimia. Notwendigkeit und Fiktion der Nachträglichkeit. Die vorliegende Arbeit schlägt eine Unterscheidung zwischen Prozessen der Nachträglichkeit vor, welche die repräsentative Entfaltung nutzen und die Erweiterung und Transformation des Sinns erlauben, und anderen, denen es an dieser Möglichkeit mangelt und die um die Achse der nicht transformativen Wiederholung ‚kreisen’. In solchen Fällen scheitert die szenische Zweiphasigkeit, die Konstruktion einer neuen Szene, die zur Darstellung/Symbolisierung des ersten Schlags fähig ist, in ihrer Aufgabe und es entfaltet sich dann eine Bearbeitung – im Realen – des Urtraumas. Der klinische Fall eines schweren Patienten und seiner delirierenden Erfindung erlaubt es, näher auf die große Schwierigkeit einzugehen, in der Analyse eine andere Szene zu etablieren und einen assoziativen Raum zu öffnen, der als ein solcher mit sich die Erinnerung und die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Trauma bringen würde. Das metaphorisch-metonymische Oszillieren, das psychischen Prozessen eigen ist, neigt sich in solchen Fällen nur in Richtung der Konkretheit, der Phobie des Denkens, der Permanenz im Unbeweglichen. Schlüsselwörter: Nachträglichkeit, Delirium, szenische Zweiphasigkeit, Metapher, Metonymie.

Le acquisizioni nelle neuroscienze cognitive sui diversi tipi di memoria hanno sfidato la tradizionale comprensione psicoanalitica della memoria e del suo ruolo nel processo terapeutico. Stern nel suo articolo «Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy: The somethimg more than interpretation» sostiene che il cambiamento terapeutico richiede qualcosa in più dell’interpretazione, riferendosi al processo interattivo intersoggettivo tra analista e paziente che crea, attraverso momenti di incontro, una nuova e mutativa conoscenza relazionale implicita in entrambi i partecipanti. L’autrice, dopo aver analizzato le proposte teoriche di Stern, comunica il proprio punto di vista sul cambiamento terapeutico, sottolineando la complessità dei fenomeni clinici osservati nella stanza d’analisi e dei fattori trasformativi che si attivano nel processo analitico. Segnala, quindi, la necessità di alcuni interventi terapeutici specifici in pazienti traumatizzati e in alcuni pazienti neurologici nei quali la sofferenza corporea entra prepotentemente nella stanza d’analisi. Parole chiave: Attività immaginativa, conoscenza relazionale implicita, estensione dell’ascolto e del setting, intersoggettività, linguaggio verbale, neuropsicoanalisi, radici corporee e interattive della simbolizzazione. Implicit intersubjective dialogue and verbal dialogue. The contribution of neuroscience to an analytical approach to psycho-corporeal suffering. The acquisitions in cognitive neurosciences regarding various kinds of memory (declarative and procedural) and implicit relational knowing have challenged traditional psychoanalytical understanding of memory and its role in the therapeutic process. In «Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy: The «something more than interpretation», Stern maintains that therapeutic change requires something more than interpretation, referring to the intersubjective interactive process between analyst and patient that creates, during moments of encounter, a new, mutative, implicit relational understanding in both participants. The author discusses Stern’s theoretical proposals and states her viewpoint regarding therapeutic change, emphasising that the complexity of the clinical phenomena observed in the analytical room and the transformative factors that are activated in the analytical process; she highlights the need for several specific therapeutic interventions in traumatised patients and some neurological patients in which the bodily suffering overwhelmingly enters the analytic room. Keywords: Bodily and interactive roots of symbolisation, extension of listening and setting, imaginative activity, implicit relational knowing, intersubjectivity, Neuro-Psychoanalysis, verbal language. Dialogue intersubjectif implicite et dialogue verbal. L’apport des neurosciences à une approche analytique de la souffrance psychocorporelle. Les acquisitions en neurosciences cognitives sur les différents types de mémoire ont remis en question la compréhension psychanalytique traditionnelle de la mémoire et de son rôle dans le processus thérapeutique. Stern dans son article «Mécanismes non interprétatifs dans la thérapie psychanalytique : Le quelque chose de plus que l’interprétation» soutient que le changement thérapeutique nécessite quelque chose de plus qu’une interprétation, se référant au processus interactif intersubjectif entre l’analyste et le patient qui crée, à travers des moments de rencontre, une nouvelle et connaissances relationnelles mutatives implicites chez les deux participants. L’auteur, après avoir analysé les propositions théoriques de Stern, communique son point de vue sur le changement thérapeutique, soulignant la complexité des phénomènes cliniques observés en salle d’analyse et des facteurs de transformation qui s’activent dans le processus analytique. Par conséquent, il souligne la nécessité de certaines interventions thérapeutiques spécifiques chez les patients traumatisés et chez certains patients neurologiques chez lesquels la souffrance corporelle entre massivement dans la salle de consultation. Mots-Clés: Activité imaginative, savoir relationnel implicite, extension de l’écoute et de la mise en scène, intersubjectivité, langage verbal, neuropsychanalyse, racines corporelles et interactives de la symbolisation. Diálogo intersubjetivo implícito y diálogo verbal. El aporte de las neurociencias al abordaje analítico al sufrimiento psicocorpóreo. Las adquisiciones enla neurociencia cognitiva sobre diferentes tipos de memoria han desafiado la comprensión psicoanalítica tradicional de la memoria y su papel en el proceso terapéutico. Stern en su artículo «Non-interpretivemechanisms in psychoanalytictherapy: Thesomething more thaninterpretation»argumenta que el cambio terapéutico requiere algo más que la interpretación, refiriéndose al proceso interactivo intersubjetivo entre analista y paciente que crea, a través de momentos de encuentro, un nuevo ymutativo conocimiento relacional implícito en ambos participantes. La autora, tras analizar las propuestas teóricas de Stern, comunica su punto de vista sobre el cambio terapéutico, subrayando la complejidad de los fenómenos clínicos observados en la sala de análisis y de los factores transformadores que se activan en el proceso analítico. Por ello, señala la necesidad de intervenciones terapéuticas específicas en pacientes traumatizados y en algunos pacientes neurológicos en los que el sufrimiento corporal entra de forma abrumadora en el consultorio. Palabras Clave: Actividad imaginativa, conocimiento relacional implícito, extensión de la escucha y del encuadre, intersubjetividad, lenguaje verbal, neuropsicoanálisis, raíces corporales e interactivas de la simbolización. Impliziter intersubjektiver Dialog und verbaler Dialog. Der Beitrag der Neurowissenschaften zu einem analytischen Ansatz gegenüber psychosomatischem Leiden. Die Erkenntnisse in der kognitiven Neurowissenschaften zu den verschiedenen Arten der Erinnerung/des Gedächtnisses haben das traditionelle psychoanalytische Verständnis der Erinnerung und ihrer Rolle im therapeutischen Prozess herausgefordert. In seinem Artikel „Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy: The somethimg more than interpretation“ argumentiert Stern, dass die therapeutische Veränderung mehr als der Deutung bedarf und bezieht sich auf den interaktiven intersubjektiven Prozess zwischen Analytiker und Patient, der durch Momente der Begegnung eine neue und verändernde implizite Beziehungserkenntnis in beiden Teilnehmern schafft. Nach der Analyse von Sterns theoretischen Vorschlägen, legt die Verfasserin den eigenen Standpunkt zur therapeutischen Veränderung dar und unterstreicht die Komplexität der im Analyseraum beobachteten klinischen Phänomene und der transformativen Faktoren die sich im analytischen Prozess aktiviert werden. Sie weist dann auf die Notwendigkeit einiger spezifischer therapeutischer Interventionen bei traumatisierten Patienten sowie bei einigen neurologischen Patienten hin, bei denen das körperliche Leiden stark in den Analyseraum eindringt. Schlüsselwörter: Imaginative Tätigkeit, implizites Beziehungswissen, Ausweitung des Zuhörens und des Settings, Intersubjektivität, verbale Sprache, Neuropsychoanalyse, körperliche und interaktive Wurzeln der Symbolisierung.